Woolwich beheading: Pakistani Muslims condemn brutal murder of British soldier by Wahhabi terrorists in London
Islamabad (22 May 2013): Pakistani liberal bloggers including LUBP, Pakistan Blogzine and Jaag Pakistani Jaag condemn brutal beheading of a British soldier by Wahhabi-Salafist terrorists in London.
In Pakistan, innocent citizens including Sunni Barelvis, Shias, Ahmadis, Christians, Hindus etc are victims of similar terrorism by Saudi-backed Wahhabi and Deobandi (semi-Wahhabi) militants.
We clearly state that Wahhabi-Deobandi terrorists do not represent majority of peaceful Sunni and Shia Muslims. We also demand that British, Pakistani and all international organizations and governments must take tough and swift action against pro-Taliban pro-Al Qaeda Wahhabi-Deobandi clerics and militants including Anjem Choudary, Zakir Naik, Ahmed Ludhianvi, Farhat Hashmi, Sami-ul-Haq and others who glorify and humanize terrorists.
According to media reports, a man believed to be soldier has been beheaded in an attack on a street outside Woolwich barracks in South East London. British Prime Minister David Cameron has cut short a trip to Paris over what is being treated as a terrorist attack. Cameron said at a press conference with French President Francoise Hollande that there were “strong indications that it is a terrorist incident.”
Armed police who responded to incident have also reportedly shot and injured two people, one of them seriously.
Witnesses said a man was assaulted on John Wilson Street in Woolwich by two men who were then shot by armed police officers.
Witnesses said the dead man was attacked with a machete and then dumped on the street. The incident happened next to Woolwhich barracks but the Ministry of Defense has not yet confirmed whether the dead man was in fact a soldier.
One witness told LBC radio that the two men “were hacking at this guy literally. They were hacking at him, chopping him, cutting him, like he was a piece of meat. They were just animals. They dragged him from the pavement and dumped his body in the middle of the road.”
ITV has said it has footage of one of the attackers who says “We swear by almighty Allah, we will never stop fighting you”.
Prime Minster David Cameron confirmed that he had asked the Home Secretary Theresa May to chair a meeting of Cobra, the government’s emergency committee and that she had requested updates from MI5 and the Metropolitan Police and the government were treating the incident as suspected terrorist attack.
The Defense Secretary Phillip Hammond and the Mayor of London Boris Johnson have also arrived at the Cobra meeting.
[youtube id=”uGh8dCn6TxE” width=”600″ height=”340″ position=”left”]
Previous similar incidents of Wahhabi-Salafist-Deobandi terrorism
Syrian Wahhabi rebel commander Abu Sakkar filmed cutting out Syrian Sunni Sufi soldier’s heart and eating it
http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/syrian-rebel-commander-abu-sakkar-filmed-cutting-out-soldiers-heart-and-eating-it-29267268.htmlZ
http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/16/opinion/syria-heart-video/index.html
Five beheading of Shia Muslims in various parts of Pakistan by Deobandi militants
https://lubpak.com/archives/83219
Slaughter of innocent Shia Muslims in Parachinar Pakistan by Wahhabi-Deobandi militants
https://lubpak.com/archives/231406
Summary in Urdu
لندن: دو حملہ آوروں نے ایک شخص کو ہلاک کر دیا
برطانیہ کے دارالحکومت لندن کے جنوبی مشرقی علاقے وول وچ میں دو حملہ آور نے ایک شخص کو ہلاک کر دیا ہے۔
برطانوی حکومت کا کہنا ہے کہ وہ اس کو’دہشت گرد‘ حملے کے طور پر دیکھ رہے ہیں۔
عینی شاہدین کا کہنا ہے کہ ہلاک ہونے والا شخص بظاہر فوجی تھا۔ دو حملہ آوروں نے تیز دھار آلے سے اس شخص کو ہلاک کرنے کے بعد اس لاش کو فوجی بیرکس کے نزدیک پھینک دیا۔ ایک حملہ آور کے ہاتھ پر خون کے دھبے موجود تھے اور اس ویڈیو فوٹیج میں یہ کہتے ہوئے دکھائی دیتا ہے’خدا کی قسم ہم آپ سے لڑنا بند نہیں کریں گے‘۔ اس واقعے کے بیس منٹ کے بعد پولیس جائے وقوعہ پر پہنچ گئی اور اس کی فائرنگ سے دونوں حملہ آور زخمی ہو گئے۔ دونوں اس وقت ہسپتال میں زیرعلاج ہیں
حملہ آوروں کا تعلق وہابی سلفی تکفیری گروہ سے بتایا گیا ہے جو پاکستان میں تکفیری دیوبندیوں کی شکل میں موجود ہے – سنی اور شیعہ مسلمانوں کی عظیم اکثریت دہشت گردی کو مسترد کرتی ہے اور تکفیری وہابیوں اور دیوبندیوں کی فرقہ وارانہ اور دہشت گردی کی کاروائیوں کی مذمت کرتی ہے –
Related:
https://lubpak.com/archives/264349
https://lubpak.com/archives/259829
One witness, identified only as James, said two men had attacked another man, aged about 20, who was wearing a T-shirt of military charity Help for Heroes.
“These two guys were crazed. They were just animals. They dragged him from the pavement and dumped his body in the middle of the road and left his body there,” he told LBC radio.
He said after the “horrendous” attack, the two men, who were also in their 20s, stood around, waving knives and a gun, and asked people to take pictures of them “as if they wanted to be on TV or something”.
“They were oblivious to anything, they were more worried about having their photo taken, running up and down the road,” he said.
The incident took place before many eyewitnesses
Thomas, a witness who contacted the BBC, said: “I got there minutes after it happened because you could hear gunshots from Woolwich High Street.
“Basically two men carried out an axe attack on a young army cadet walking along the street, by the looks of things the police responded and then shot them in front of the public, at the same time I couldn’t really tell if the cadet was fatally or not hurt as police were crowded around him.”
Whitehall sources have told the BBC it is “a fair supposition” that the incident was a terrorist incident but police have not commented publicly on the suggestion.
BBC political editor Nick Robinson said the police view is that the attack may have been filmed and footage may exist.
According to senior Whitehall sources the people carrying out the attack were heard to say Allahu Akbar [God is Great], said our political editor.
On Twitter, the Mayor of London Boris Johnson described the attack as a “sickening deluded and unforgivable act of violence”.
Mr Raynsford, the Woolwich and Greenwich MP, said he had spoken to local police and understood a number of weapons had been seized at the scene including a gun, knives, and a machete.
Scotland Yard said the initial attack happened in John Wilson Street, the A205, at 14:20 BST.
Metropolitan Police Commander Simon Letchford said the two attackers were then shot by armed officers.
He said: “Police were called to reports of an assault… where one man was being assaulted by two other men. A number of weapons were reportedly being used in the attack, and this included reports of a firearm.
Head teacher David Dixon describes seeing a body in the street and hearing gunshots
“Officers including local Greenwich officers arrived at the scene, and shortly after firearms officers arrived on the scene.
“On their arrival at the scene they found a man, who was later pronounced dead….
“Two men, who we believe from early reports to have been carrying weapons, were shot by police. They have both been taken to separate London hospitals. They are receiving treatment for their injuries.
“I can understand that this incident will cause community concerns and I would like to reiterate that we are investigating the circumstances.”
Meanwhile, the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) confirmed it had been informed.
London Ambulance Service confirmed one man had been found dead at the scene.
It said two men had been taken to hospital – one by air ambulance – and one of them was a serious condition.
David Dixon, a local head teacher, told the BBC News Channel he walked out of the school gates and saw a body lying in the road a short distance away.
He then heard gunshots and instructed staff to lock all the gates of his school.
The air ambulance landed in the playground and most of the children have now gone home, he said.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22630303
Exclusive video: Man with bloodied hands speaks at Woolwich scene
Last updated Wed 22 May 2013
UK London
ITV News has obtained footage of a man with bloodied hands addressing a camera on a south London street.
He makes a series of political statements before walking towards a man, believed to be a soldier, lying prone on the street.
He then talks calmly to another man stood nearby.
Warning: Some viewers may find the graphic content in this video distressing
http://www.itv.com/news/update/2013-05-22/exclusive-video-man-with-bloodied-hands-speaks-at-woolwich-scene/
Two people have been shot in Woolwich, south east London, after armed police were called to an incident in which a man wearing a Help for Heroes t-shirt was attacked with a machete-style knife and dumped in the street, eyewitnesses said.
One man was confirmed dead at the scene and two other men were taken to hospital, one of them in a serious condition, a London Ambulance Service spokeswoman said.
Pictures published on Twitter show what appears to be three bodies lying in the street just yards from the Royal Artillery Barracks. Unconfirmed reports suggest the victim may have been a serving soldier.
MORE: ‘Women Tried To Shield Victim From More Machete Blows’
According to senior Whitehall sources quoted by the BBC’s political editor, Nick Robinson, the attackers tried to film the attack whilst chanting “Allahu Akbar” – God is Great.
Two of the bodies are close together and are being attended to by what looks like uniformed officers while the third lies in the middle of the road and is surrounded by members of the public and construction workers.
One witness, identified as James, said he and his partner saw two black men attack the young victim with knives, including a meat cleaver. “They were hacking at this poor guy, literally,” he told LBC. “They were hacking at him, chopping him, cutting him.”
A body lies in the street after the incident in Woolwich
Fighting back tears, he added: “These two guys were crazed. They were just animals. They dragged him from the pavement and dumped his body in the middle of the road and left his body there.”
He said that after the “horrendous” attack, the two men, in their 20s, just stood around, waving knives and a gun, even asking people nearby to take pictures of them “as if they wanted to be on TV or something”.
“They were oblivious to anything, they were more worried about having their photo taken, running up and down the road,” he said.
“They had no intention of running off or leaving or anything. In my opinion, they were waiting for the police to arrive to be shot by the police. That’s the only thing I can think. It’s horrendous what they were doing to that guy.”
According to eyewitnesses “brave” women tried to shield the man on the ground from the attackers.
James added it was 20 minutes before armed police arrived at the scene. “When the armed police came flying around the corner, the man with the beanie hat, the tall guy, he charged at the police vehicle,” he said.
“A shot was fired by the other guy with the gun. Six shots were fired, both men went down and we now know they are dead as well.”
Other images show a red air ambulance landing in the street. Local newspaper The News Shopper is blogging about the incident and has reported eyewitnesses describing shots also being fired.
Police at the scene of the machete attack on Wednesday
An aerial shot of the scene taken from Sky News
It quotes one eyewitness as saying: “I heard they were trying to behead someone and were shot by police.”
A Metropolitan Police spokesman said: “Officers have responded to an incident in John Wilson Street, Woolwich, SE18, at 14.20 today. We believe at this stage that officers were called to reports of an assault.”
Headteacher of Mulgrave Primary School, David Dixon, told the BBC he put his school into “lockdown” after he saw a body lying in the road. “We shut all the gates and made sure all the children were inside,” he said.
Mr Dixon also confirmed hearing gunshots but said everyone acted “remarkably calmly” to make sure all pupils were safe.
John Wilson Street in Woolwich
London Air Ambulance confirmed that one patient was airlifted from the scene, while another was taken away by road ambulance. The service would not confirm the nature of their injuries or where they were being taken.
Social media broke the story and while reports were mixed some tweeters managed to tell the story in their own style.
One user @BOYADEE tweeted:
Woolwich and Greenwich MP Nick Raynsford said it was his understanding that one person, a serving soldier, was dead and the two alleged suspects were in a serious condition in hospital.
He said he had spoken to both borough commander Richard Wood and Lieutenant Colonel Bob Christopher at Woolwich Barracks.
Mr Raynsford said: “The circumstances causing the incident are not yet clear. It’s been suggested it was the product of a road traffic accident, but that’s pure speculation.
“We think a serving soldier was the victim. We do know a number of weapons have been seized. They include a gun, various knives, and a machete, apparently.
The barracks hosted the shooting events for the Olympic Games last year. They are currently home to the King’s Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, their horses, historic gun carriages and artillery pieces used for their displays.
http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/05/22/woolwich-police-shooting-machete_n_3319793.html?utm_hp_ref=fb&src=sp&comm_ref=false#sb=1999054b=facebook
Chilling video of London attacker explaining machete attack on reported soldier
By Max Fisher, Published: May 22, 2013 at 2:46 pmE-mail the writer
It’s not clear how or why two men attacked a man believed to be a British soldier in the London neighborhood of Woolwich, but U.K. officials are already investigating it as a possible act of terrorism.
A video broadcast by the U.K. network ITV purports to show one of the two attackers explaining himself to a camera immediately after the attack. His hands are covered in blood, a knife and a machete in his right hand. The victim is clearly visible on the ground with a crowd gathering in the background. Here’s what he said:
We swear by Almighty Allah we will never stop fighting you. The only reasons we have done this is because Muslims are dying every day. This British soldier is an eye for an eye a tooth for tooth. We apologise that women had to see this today but in our lands our women have to see the same. You people will never be safe. Remove your government. They don’t care about you.
The Guardian cites eyewitnesses as describing the attack as a “beheading.” The BBC talked to an eyewitness who describes what he saw after arriving in the middle of the attack:
I saw two people lying over him and I thought they were trying to resuscitate him. I went down to the garage and another bloke come along and told me they were actually stabbing him. Apparently they actually ran the car into him and knocked him down before they did anything. And the next minute a silver car came along and a man got out and shouted he was going to phone the police. The next thing that happened was he actually pulled a handgun out. It was a gun that looked as if it could take about 12, 15 rounds so I definitely know it was handgun because I actually seen it in his hand.
The same witness also said that some unarmed police were nearby but did not want to approach the men, who appeared to be armed, until armed “Trojan” police arrived.
The two attackers were shot by police and are currently receiving medical treatment.
Update: The Washington Post’s Anthony Faiola, reporting from London, listened to the ITV video very carefully and came away with a different quote than the one circulating in British media. The first part of the attacker’s quote is difficult to hear because the ITV anchor is speaking over him. It’s not clear to me where the above version, which is cited in The Guardian and elsewhere, first appeared. Here’s the quote as heard by Faiola:
There are many, many ayah throughout the Koran [referring to religious verses] that says we must fight them as they fight us, an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. I apologize that women had to witness this today but in our land women have to see the same. You people will never be safe. Remove your government, they don’t care about you.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/05/22/chilling-video-of-london-attacker-explaining-machete-attack-on-reported-soldier/
i hope these two brutal animals rot in hell for doing this unforgiveable act killing this innocent soldier!!! ISLAM DOES NOT TEACH THIS WHAT SO EVER, ISLAM IS PEACE AND YOUR ACTIONS ARE NoT OF A MUSLIM YOU TRULY HAVE SHAMED THE BEUTIFULL ACTIONS OF ISLAM.MY sincere thoughts and prayers go out to the family of the victim may his soul be in heaven (AMEN)
May Allah save the humanity from Takfiri Wahabi-Salafi-Deobandi terrorism. Umme-Muavia Hinda chewed liver of the uncle of the Prophet (SAWAW). Her grandson beheaded the grandson of the Prophet (SAWAW) and displayed for weeks in Iraq and Syria, paraded daughters of the Prophet, bare-headed bare-faced, in the Bazaars of Iraq and Syria. Hinda’s followers are demolishing shrines, digging graves of Sahaba and eating hearts of dead soldiers. How evil this religion of devil is!!!
Excuse me shia to muslim hain hi nahi bad tareen kafir hain jo sahabiyon ki burai karein unke liye bughaz rakhen wo musalman ho hi nahi saktey and doosri baat hamare niazon aur mithaiyon pe zinda rehne waley aur deen ka tamasha bananey waley mushrik Sunni bhaiyon ki wo to hain hi mushrik wese bhi ALLAH sab gunah maaf kardeta hai siwaye shirk ke aur shirk to hamare sunni bhaiyon mai koot koot ke bhara huwa hai pehle khud ko dekho baad mai doosron ko kuch bolo
Ibless Tumhara Khuda Hai, Ibne Ubia tumahara rasool hai aur main tumhara baap hoon. Shabash maairy aulad. Rafazioun ko kafir kehna tumhara faraz hai.
Have see the shocking videos. Each time I see or hear news of beheading, I am deeply saddened as stretch of imagination takes me to the slaughter-field of Karbala of 61 A.H. where Abu-Abdullah Al-Hussein (AS), his family members and companions were be-headed.
Ya Aba Abd-il-Allah, Fida-an Umi Wa Abee!
Various interpretations / misinterpretations of same verse. Some of the reference listed in the end are worth looking at.
Surah 47. Muhammad, Verse 4:
فَإِذَا لَقِيتُمُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا فَضَرْبَ الرِّقَابِ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا أَثْخَنتُمُوهُمْ فَشُدُّوا الْوَثَاقَ فَإِمَّا مَنًّا بَعْدُ وَإِمَّا فِدَاءً حَتَّىٰ تَضَعَ الْحَرْبُ أَوْزَارَهَا ذَٰلِكَ وَلَوْ يَشَاءُ اللَّهُ لَانتَصَرَ مِنْهُمْ وَلَٰكِن لِّيَبْلُوَ بَعْضَكُم بِبَعْضٍ وَالَّذِينَ قُتِلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَلَن يُضِلَّ أَعْمَالَهُمْ
Translation:
So when you meet in battle those who disbelieve, then smite the necks until when you have overcome them, then make (them) prisoners, and afterwards either set them free as a favor or let them ransom (themselves) until the war terminates. That (shall be so); and if Allah had pleased He would certainly have exacted what is due from them, but that He may try some of you by means of others; and (as for) those who are slain in the way of Allah, He will by no means allow their deeds to perish.
http://www.meforum.org/713/beheading-in-the-name-of-islam
Beheading in the Name of Islam
by Timothy R. Furnish
Middle East Quarterly
Spring 2005, pp. 51-57
Images of masked terrorists standing behind Western hostages in Iraq and Saudi Arabia have become all too common on Arabic satellite stations such as Al-Jazeera and Al-Manar. Islamist websites such as Muntadiyat al-Mahdi[1] go further, streaming video of their murder.
The February 2002 decapitation of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl, true to its intention, horrified the Western audience. Chechen rebels, egged on by Islamist benefactors, had adopted the practice four years earlier,[2] but the absence of widely broadcast videos limited the psychological impact of hostage decapitation. The Pearl murder and video catalyzed the resurgence of this historical Islamic practice. In Iraq, terrorists filmed the beheadings of Americans Nicholas Berg, Jack Hensley, and Eugene Armstrong. Other victims include Turks, an Egyptian, a Korean, Bulgarians, a British businessman, and a Nepalese. Scores of Iraqis, both Kurds and Arabs, have also fallen victim to Islamist terrorists’ knives. The new fad in terrorist brutality has extended to Saudi Arabia where Islamist terrorists murdered American businessman Paul Johnson, whose head was later discovered in a freezer in an Al-Qaeda hideout. A variation upon this theme would be the practice of Islamists slitting the throats of those opponents they label infidels. This is what happened to Dutch filmmaker Theo Van Gogh, first gunned down and then mutilated on an Amsterdam street,[3] and to an Egyptian Coptic family in New Jersey after the father had angered Islamists with Internet chat room criticisms of Islam.[4]
The purpose of terrorism is to strike fear into the hearts of opponents in order to win political concession. As the shock value wears off and the Western world becomes immunized to any particular tactic, terrorists develop new ones in order to maximize shock and the press reaction upon which they thrive. In the 1970s and 1980s, terrorists hijacked airliners to win headlines. In the 1980s and 1990s, the car bomb became more popular; Palestinian terrorists perfected suicide bombings in the 1990s. But what once garnered days of commentary now generates only hours. Decapitation has become the latest fashion. In many ways, it sends terrorism back to the future. Unlike hijackings and car bombs, ritual beheading has a long precedent in Islamic theology and history.
Apologetics and Reality
Some American commentators say that Islamist decapitations are intended as psychological warfare and devoid of any true Islamic content. Imam Muhammad Adam al-Sheikh, head of the Dar al-Hijrah mosque in Falls Church, Virginia, for example, claimed incorrectly that “beheadings are not mentioned in the Koran at all.”[5] Asma Afsaruddin, an associate professor of Arabic and Islamic studies at the University of Notre Dame, also misrepresented Islamic theology and history when she told a reporter, “There is absolutely no religious imperative for this.”[6] The Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) as well as the American Anti-Arab Discrimination Committee (ADC) have both signed on to a statement that such killings “did not represent the tenets of Islam.”[7] Sam Hamod, former director of the Islamic Center in Washington, D.C., claimed that the Qur’anic passage on beheading unbelievers did not actually mean that people should be killed.[8] Such fulminations have had an effect: the Western news media has, perhaps as a result of political correctness or its own bias, twisted the reality of Islamic history and propagated such revisionism. With such apologetics, Western academics either display basic ignorance of their fields or purposely mislead. The intelligentsia’s denial of any religious roots to the recent spate of decapitation has parallels in the logical back flips and kid-glove treatments in which many professors engaged in order to deny a religious basis for violent jihad.[9] Afsaruddin and Hamod aside, Islamists justify murder and decapitation with both theological citations and historical precedent.
Decapitation in Islamic Theology
Groups such as Abu Mus’ab al-Zarqawi’s Al-Tawhid wa al-Jihad (Unity and Jihad) and Abu ‘Abd Allah al-Hasan bin Mahmud’s Ansar al-Sunna (Defenders of [Prophetic] Tradition)[10] justify the decapitation of prisoners with Qur’anic scripture. Sura (chapter) 47 contains the ayah (verse): “When you encounter the unbelievers on the battlefield, strike off their heads until you have crushed them completely; then bind the prisoners tightly.”[11] The Qur’anic Arabic terms are generally straightforward: kafaru means “those who blaspheme/are irreligious,” although Darb ar-riqab is less clear. Darb can mean “striking or hitting” while ar-riqab translates to “necks, slaves, persons.” With little variation, scholars have translated the verse as, “When you meet the unbelievers, smite their necks.”[12]
For centuries, leading Islamic scholars have interpreted this verse literally. The famous Iranian historian and Qur’an commentator Muhammad b. Jarir at-Tabari (d. 923 C.E.) wrote that “striking at the necks” is simply God’s sanction of ferocious opposition to non-Muslims.[13] Mahmud b. Umar az-Zamakhshari (d. 1143 C.E.), in a major commentary studied for centuries by Sunni religious scholars, suggested that any prescription to “strike at the necks” commands to avoid striking elsewhere so as to confirm death and not simply wound.[14]
Many recent interpretations remain consistent with those of a millennium ago. In his Saudi-distributed translation of the Qur’an, ‘Abdullah Yusuf ‘Ali (d. 1953) wrote that the injunction to “smite at their necks,” should be taken both literally and figuratively. “You cannot wage war with kid gloves,” Yusuf ‘Ali argued.[15] Muhammad Muhammad Khatib, in a modern Sunni commentary bearing the imprimatur of Al-Azhar university in Cairo, says that while traditionalist Muslims tend to see this passage as only applying to the Prophet’s time, Shi’ites “think it is a universal precept.”[16] Ironically, then in this view, Zarqawi has adopted the exegesis of his religious nemeses. Perhaps the most influential modern recapitulation of this passage was provided by the influential Pakistani scholar and leading Islamist thinker S. Abul A’ la Mawdudi (d. 1979), who argued that the sura provided the first Qur’anic prescriptions on the laws of war. Mawdudi argued
Under no circumstances should the Muslim lose sight of this aim and start taking the enemy soldiers as captives. Captives should be taken after the enemy has been completely crushed.[17]
Accordingly, for soldiers of Islam, victory should be the only consideration. Status of prisoners of war was open to interpretation. Mawdudi maintained that the verse did not clearly forbid execution of prisoners but that “the Holy Prophet understood this intention of Allah’s command, and that if there was a special reason for which the ruler of an Islamic government regarded it as necessary to kill a particular prisoner (or prisoners), he could do so.”[18] As do many Islamists, Mawdudi cited historical examples of the Prophet Muhammad ordering the execution of prisoners, such as some Meccans captured at the Battle of Badr in 624 C.E. and at least one Meccan seized at the Battle of Uhud in the following year. While such examples do not directly address decapitation, they do allow for murder of prisoners-of-war. Mawdudi’s interpretation, though, does not sanction the execution of hostages. Only the government, and not individual Muslim soldiers, could determine the fate of captives.[19]
Another, albeit less-frequently, cited Qur’anic passage also sanctions beheadings of non-Muslims. Sura 8:12 reads: “I will cast dread into the hearts of the unbelievers. Strike off their heads, then, and strike off all of their fingertips.” In the original text, the relevant phrase is adrabu fawq al-‘anaq, “strike over their necks.” This verse is, then, a corollary to Sura 47:3. Yusuf ‘Ali is one of the few modern commentators who addresses this passage, interpreting it as utilitarian: the neck is among the only areas not protected by armor, and mutilating an opponent’s hands prevents him from again wielding his sword or spear.[20] The point of this opening phrase—to “cast dread” or, as some translations have it, “instill terror”—has now been adopted by Islamist terrorists to justify decapitation of hostages.
Decapitation in Islamic History
While some Islamists might justify murder of prisoners on Qur’anic prescription, others reinforce their conclusions by drawing analogies to events during the almost 1,400 years of Islamic history. Here beheading of captives is a recurring theme. Both Islamic regimes and their opposition have utilized beheadings as both military and judicial policy.
The practice of beheading non-Muslim captives extends back to the Prophet himself. Ibn Ishaq (d. 768 C.E.), the earliest biographer of Muhammad, is recorded as saying that the Prophet ordered the execution by decapitation of 700 men of the Jewish Banu Qurayza tribe in Medina for allegedly plotting against him.[21] Islamic leaders from Muhammad’s time until today have followed his model. Examples of decapitation, of both the living and the dead, in Islamic history are myriad. Yusuf b. Tashfin (d. 1106) led the Al-Murabit (Almoravid) Empire to conquer from western Sahara to central Spain. After the battle of Zallaqa in 1086, he had 24,000 corpses of the defeated Castilians beheaded “and piled them up to make a sort of minaret for the muezzins who, standing on the piles of headless cadavers, sang the praises of Allah.”[22] He then had the detached heads sent to all the major cities of North Africa and Spain as an example of Christian impotence. The Al-Murabits were conquered the following century by the Al-Muwahhids (Almohads), under whose rule Castilian Christian enemies were beheaded after any lost battles.
The Ottoman Empire was the decapitation state par excellence. Upon the Ottoman victory over Christian Serbs at the battle of Kosovo in 1389, the Muslim army beheaded the Serbian king and scores of Christian prisoners. At the battle of Varna in 1444, the Ottomans beheaded King Ladislaus of Hungary and “put his head at the tip of a long pike … and brandished it toward the Poles and Hungarians.” Upon the fall of Constantinople, the Ottomans sent the head of the dead Byzantine emperor on tour to major cities in the sultan’s domains. The Ottomans even beheaded at least one Eastern Orthodox patriarch. In 1456, the sultan allowed the grand mufti of the empire to personally decapitate King Stephen of Bosnia and his sons—even though they had surrendered and, seven decades later, the sultan ordered 2,000 Hungarian prisoners beheaded. In the early nineteenth century, even the British fell victim to the Ottoman scimitar. An 1807 British expedition to Egypt resulted in “a few hundred spiked British heads left rotting in the sun outside Rosetta.”[23]
Decapitation has also been quite common among Muslims whenever orthodoxy confronts Mahdist movements. According to Islamic tradition, the Mahdi, or “rightly-guided one” will come before the end of time to usher in a worldwide, perfect Islamic state. Every few generations, a charismatic leader emerges claiming to be the Mahdi. Since the Mahdi is the harbinger of just government, then any leader he challenges is by nature corrupt. The fervor of such claims often leads both the orthodoxy and the Mahdists to label the other unbelievers, allowing them to invoke Qur’anic verse 47:3 and behead captives.
A prime example of this occurred 500 years ago in the Gujarati sultanate of western India. Sayyid Muhammad Jawnpuri (d. 1505 C.E.) asserted that he was the Mahdi.[24] His followers, who came to be known as Mahdavis, accused the Gujarati sultans and religious officials of takfir (unbelief). The sultans fought back, often displaying the severed heads of Mahdavi caliphs in order to intimidate would-be followers. The Gujarati brutality served its purpose and, by the end of the sixteenth century, the Mahdavis faded into oblivion.
Perhaps the most famous Mahdist movement—and one of very few to gain power[25]—was that led by Muhammad Ahmad of Sudan in the late nineteenth century. In 1880, Muhammad Ahmad declared himself Mahdi and led jihad against the Ottoman Empire, its Egyptian subjects, and their British allies.[26] He and his followers beheaded opponents, Christian and Muslim alike. This Mahdi’s most famous victim was Charles Gordon, a British general in Sudan on behalf of Anglo-Egyptian forces. Rudolf Slatin, an Austrian taken prisoner by the Mahdist army, later described the Mahdists’ triumphant reaction to Gordon’s execution in January 1885. One historian related how:
Three black [Mahdist] soldiers were in the lead, one of whom he recognized as a man named Shatta. … Shatta was carrying something wrapped in a bloody cloth. Slatin stood silent as they stopped in front of him, their faces triumphant. With a smile, Shatta undid the cloth while the crowd shouted. Slatin looked: it was Gordon’s severed head … “Is this not the head of your uncle, the unbeliever?”[27]
While not as graphic as an Al-Qaeda video, the impact on Victorian society was the same. Revenge would take years. Muhammad Ahmad died, probably of typhoid or malaria, in 1885, but his state fell to the British army only in 1898.
A half century later, in the years after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded the Turkish Republic and imposed secular government, a revolutionary religious leader named Mehmet led a short-lived but violent Mahdist revolt.[28] Mehmet was a Sufi—an Islamic mystic—of the Naqshabandi order. Mehmet and his six disciples adopted the identities of the “Seven Sleepers” of the Qur’an: seven Christian youth who fell asleep in a cave during the time of Roman persecution of Christians in the third century C.E. and emerged, unscathed, over a century later when Rome had joined the faith.[29] By such identification, Mehmet and his Mahdist disciples sought to invoke the Qur’anic imagery of the small band of true believers standing against state idolatry. From Manisa, in west-central Turkey, Mehmet and his followers trekked to Menemen on the Aegean coast where, in the main mosque, Mehmet declared himself the Mahdi and called for the reestablishment of Islamic law canceled by Atatürk. Mehmet’s enthusiastic supporters overwhelmed the local Turkish army garrison. They killed the commander and put his severed head on a pole and paraded it around town. The uprising was short-lived, though. The Turkish army rallied its forces and crushed the revolt, executing all involved.
Beheading has particular prominence in Saudi Arabia. In 2003 alone, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia beheaded more than fifty people.[30] This number included both Muslim and non-Muslim workers. Over the past two decades, the Saudis have decapitated at least 1,100 for alleged crimes ranging from drug running to witchcraft and apostasy.[31] The Saudi government not only uses beheadings to punish criminals but also to terrorize potential opponents. One famous example involved a Saudi national guardsman named Juhayman al-‘Utaybi. In late 1979, the start of the fifteenth century in the Islamic calendar, ‘Utaybi declared his brother-in-law Muhammad bin Abd Allah al-Qahtani to be the Mahdi. They seized control of the holy mosque in Mecca and called on all Saudis to rise up against the government in Riyadh.[32] The house of Saud responded forcibly with a shock-and-awe campaign. After a bloody battle, they regained control of the holy mosque. Within weeks, they had hunted down and either killed or captured the Mahdists. In early 1980, the Saudi government publicly beheaded ‘Utaybi and his imprisoned followers. While outsiders may consider the Saudi practice barbaric, most Saudi executions are swift, completed in one sword blow. Zarqawi and his followers have chosen a slow, torturous sawing method to terrorize the Western audience.
All these various justifications contribute to the rash of beheadings in Iraq and elsewhere in the Middle East. Because Zarqawi and his followers consider the Iraqi and Saudi governments to be illegitimate, they find no injunction within Islamic law that would prohibit execution of prisoners. Indeed, Zarqawi has commented that he would “accept comments from ulema regarding whether his killing operations are permitted or forbidden according to Islam—provided that the ulema are not connected to a regime and are offering opinions out of personal conviction, and not to please their rulers”[33] Islamist beheadings may be condemned by the imam of the great mosque of Mecca and by religious leaders in Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon,[34] but like self-styled mahdis throughout Islamic history, Zarqawi and Islamist terrorists simply dismiss these fatwas (religious rulings) as empty rhetoric from lackey regimes. Osama bin Laden’s Al-Qaeda is also on record as supporting beheadings, including that of at least one Egyptian worker in Iraq whom they classified as a “nonbeliever” by virtue of his citizenship in an apostate regime, as well as his presumed approval of the U.S. actions in Iraq.[35] Increasingly, Islamist groups conflate “unbelievers,” “combatants,” and prisoners of war, which, coupled with their claim to Islamic legitimacy, provides them with a license to decapitate.
Conclusion
Islamic civilization is not a historical anomaly in its sanction of decapitation.[36] The Roman Empire beheaded citizens (such as the Christian Saint Paul) while they crucified noncitizens (such as Jesus Christ). French revolutionaries employed the guillotine to decapitate opponents. Nevertheless, Islam is the only major world religion today that is cited by both state and non-state actors to legitimize beheadings. And two major aspects of decapitation in an Islamic context should be noted: first, the practice has both Qur’anic and historical sanction. It is not the product of a fabricated tradition. Second, in contradiction to the assertions of apologists, both Muslim and non-Muslim, these beheadings are not simply a brutal method of drawing attention to the Islamist political agenda and weakening opponents’ will to fight. Zarqawi and other Islamists who practice decapitation believe that God has ordained them to obliterate their enemies in this manner. Islam is, for this determined minority of Muslims, anything but a “religion of peace.” It is, rather, a religion of the sword with the blade forever at the throat of the unbeliever.
Timothy Furnish is assistant professor of history at Georgia Perimeter College in Atlanta.
[1] Chat Rooms of the Mahdi, accessed Jan. 17, 2005.
[2] Sunday Times (London), Dec. 13, 1998.
[3] Robert Spencer, “Murder of Theo Van Gogh and the Decline of the West,” Human Events Online, Nov. 4, 2004.
[4] Newsday, Feb. 1, 2005; The New York Sun, Feb. 7, 2005; The Weekly Standard, Jan. 31, 2005.
[5] USA Today, June 20, 2004; “U.S. Muslims Condemn Beheadings,” news release, U.S. Embassy, Islamabad, Pakistan, June 25, 2004.
[6] Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 26, 2004.
[7] “U.S. Muslims Condemn Beheadings,” U.S. Embassy.
[8] The Washington Times, June 24, 2004.
[9] Daniel Pipes, “Jihad and Professors,” Commentary, Nov. 2002.
[10] See Michael Rubin, “Ansar al-Sunna: Iraq’s New Terrorist Threat,” Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, Spring 2004.
[11] Sura 47:3.
[12] Qur. 47:3; Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meaning of the Glorious Qur’an: Text, Translation and Commentary, vol. II (Cairo: Dar al-Kitab al-Masri, 1934), pp. 1378-9; Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran: An Explanatory Translation (Pakistan: Al-Farooq Masjid, n.d.), p. 361; N. J. Dawood, The Koran: Translated with Notes (London: Penguin Books, 1990), p. 357; J.M. Rodwell, The Koran, Translated from the Arabic (London: J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1915), p. 382.
[13] Jami’ al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an (Beirut: Dar al-Ma’rifah, 1972), p. 26.
[14] Mahmud b. Umar az-Zamakhshari, Al-Kashshaf’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil wa-‘Uyun al-Aqawil fi Wujuh at-Ta’wil, vol. 3 (Beirut: Dar al-Ma’arif, n.d.), p. 530.
[15] Yusuf ‘Ali, The Meaning of the Glorious Qur’an, p. 1378, ftnt. 4820.
[16] M.M. Khatib, The Bounteous Koran, A Translation of Meaning and Commentary (London: MacMillan Press, 1984), p. 673, ftnt. 3.
[17] S. Abul A’ la Mawdudi, The Meaning of the Qur’an, vol. XIII (Lahore: Islamic Publications, Ltd., 1986), p. 13.
[18] Ibid., pp. 13-4.
[19] Ibid., p. 14.
[20] Yusuf ‘Ali, The Meaning of the Glorious Qur’an, p. 418, note 1189.
[21] ‘Abd al-Malik Ibn Hisham, The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul, introduction and notes by A. Guillaume (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004 [reprint of the 1955 ed.]), pp. 461-9; ‘Abd al-Malik Ibn Hisham, As-Sirah an-Nabawiyah, vol. 3, Mustafa as-Saqqa and Ibrahim al-Hafiz Shalabi, eds. (Misr: Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi, 1936), pp. 251-4.
[22] Paul Fregosi, Jihad in the West: Muslim Conquests from the Seventh to the Twenty-first Centuries (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1998), p. 160.
[23] Ibid., pp. 187-374.
[24] Derryl N. MacLean, “La sociologie de l’engagement politique: Le Mahdawiya indien et l’Etat,” in Mercedes Garcia-Arenal, ed., Mahdisme et millenarisme en Islam. Revue de mondes Musulmans et de la Mediterranee (Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 2000), pp. 239-56.
[25] Another was that of Muhammad bin Tumart (d. 1130). Tumart declared himself the Mahdi and led a conquest of what was then the Al-Murabit (Almoravid) state in North Africa and Iberia. By three decades after his death, his Mahdist followers ruled a state stretching from Portugal to Tunisia.
[26] P.M. Holt, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960-2002), s.v. “Al-Mahdiyya.” The Sudanese Mahdi’s writings have been published in seven volumes: Muhammad Ibrahim Abu Salim, ed. Al-Athar al-Kamilah lil-Imam al-Mahdi (Khartoum: Dar Jami’at al-Khartum lil-Nashr, 1990).
[27] Byron Farwell, Prisoners of the Mahdi (New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1989), pp. 156-7.
[28] Hamit Bozarslan, “Le Mahdisme en Turquie: L’ ‘incident de Menemen’ en 1930,” in Garcia Arenal, ed., Mahdisme et millenarisme en Islam, pp. 237-319; Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 362.
[29] Sura al-Kahf 18:16-27; Holt, Encyclopedia of Islam, s.v. “Ashab al-Kahf”; Yusuf ‘Ali, The Meaning of the Glorious Qur’an, vol. 1, p. 730, note 2337.
[30] The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, July 13, 2004.
[31] Ibid., June 27, 2004.
[32] Joseph A. Kechichian, “Islamic Revivalism and Change in Saudi Arabia: Juhayman al ‘Utaybi’s ‘Letters to the Saudi People,'” The Muslim World (Hartford Seminary), Jan. 1990, pp. 1-17.
[33] “Al-Zarqawi Associate: Al-Zarqawi Unconnected to Al-Qa’ida, Seeks to Expand Fighting to Entire Region,” Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), Sept. 23, 2004.
[34] The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 3, 2004.
[35] “AL-Qa’ida Magazine: ‘O Sheikh of the Slaughterers, Abu Mus’ab al-Zarqawi, Go Forth in the Straight Path, Guided by Allah,” MEMRI, Oct. 12, 2004.
Anjem Choudary was secretly filmed mocking non-Muslims for working in 9-5 jobs their whole lives, and told followers that some revered Islamic figures had only ever worked one or two days a year.
“The rest of the year they were busy with jihad [holy war] and things like that,” he said. “People will say, ‘Ah, but you are not working’.
“But the normal situation is for you to take money from the kuffar [non-believers].
“So we take Jihad Seeker’s Allowance. You need to get support.”
He went on to tell a 30-strong crowd: “We are going to take England — the Muslims are coming.”
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9875954/Muslim-preacher-urges-followers-to-claim-Jihad-Seekers-Allowance.html?fb
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Woolwich beheading: Pakistani Muslims condemn brutal murder of British soldier by Wahhabi terrorists in London
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