Poor tribes at the mercy of ruthless Taliban
Last updated on: March 10, 2011 12:42 IST
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Tahir Ali
The impoverished tribesmen in Pakistan’s lawless areas have borne the brunt of the government’s attempts to combat militancy, says Tahir Ali

The Pakistan government, which receives massive monetary assistance from the United States, has repeatedly launched military operations in its tribal areas to flush out Taliban militants. The government has also formed Lashkars (militia forces comprising local tribesmen) and provided them with arms to fight Taliban militants.

Retaliating violently against these militiamen, Taliban militants have attacked their public gatherings like jirgas (meeting of tribal elders), marriages and funerals.

In the wake of such terror strikes, all the government does is issue a statement condemning the attack, declaring ‘no one would be allowed to disturb peace in these areas’.

While targeting a public gathering, the ruthless Taliban militants don’t even care about the lives of the women and children present at the venue.

Image: The site of a suicide bomb attack at a funeral on the outskirts of Peshawar

http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-poor-tribes-at-the-mercy-of-ruthless-taliban/20110310.htm

Tribal militias are double-edged weapons
Posted: October 2 2011

September 30-October 06, 2011

by Zia Ur Rehman

http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110930&page=8

Under fire for opposing the Taliban, tribal lashkars look up to the state for help. Weapons in civilian hands may solve some of the government’s problems, but may also create new ones

least 45 people were killed in the September 15 suicide attack that targeted members of an anti-Taliban lashkar (militia) at a funeral in Jandol area of Dir district. On September 3, Taliban abducted 25 children from the Mamoond town in Bajaur Agency where the locals had made a lashkar. At least 56 people were killed and 123 injured in a suicide attack on a mosque during Friday prayers in Jamrud area of Khyber Agency on August 19. Most of those killed were members of the Kukikhel tribal lashkar. At least 20 members of anti-Taliban lashkars have been killed in various attacks in Khyber and Bajaur in the last two weeks.

“We will target the weddings and funerals of anyone involved in pro-government activities or raising lashkars against us,” warned Sirajuddin, spokesman of Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) in Malakand division.

After several failed attempts to stem the rising militancy in the tribal areas and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the government is encouraging tribesmen to form their own militias to fight the Taliban. Over the past few years, tribes have organised lashkars in Bajaur, Peshawar, Dir, Buner, Lakki Marwat, Khyber Agency and other areas with support from the government.

In some parts of the region, the tribes have fought off the Taliban and now conduct armed patrols. Houses of Taliban members and supporters were burned down. The Taliban responded by deploying suicide bombers to assassinate tribal leaders and to inflict massive casualties on lashkar members during tribal jirgas (councils) or funerals. Hundreds of people have been killed in such attacks in the last few years.

Lashkars have long been part of the Pashtun society in the tribal regions. Typically, they hunt down outlaws, address family feuds that go out of control, or even challenge the government on particular policies. Pakistan’s tribal areas are governed by the notorious Frontier Crimes Regulation- a set of rules introduced during the British Raj in 1901. The jirga makes decisions on local matters and uses lashkars to implement them.

But the laskhars raised to fight the trained, resourceful and unapologetic Taliban are no traditional tribal militias. The increasing brutality of the Taliban, who abduct and murder the locals and burn down schools, has compelled the tribes to respond with an indigenous armed movement against them.

“The government is benefiting from such lashkars in its fight against the Taliban in Swat, Buner, Dir and Peshawar areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,” said a provincial minister who belongs to Swat. “Therefore, the government supports them.”

But some tribal elders see things differently. They believe the government has failed to protect the tribesmen from the atrocities of the Taliban, after which the tribes raised lashkars to protect themselves.

“We are not fond of violence or armed militias,” said Malik Siraj Khan, an elder of Salarzai lashkar in Bajaur. “We are only protecting ourselves because the state has failed to protect us.”

Security experts believe the government’s decision to support a centuries-old tribal tradition that encourages civilians to take up arms could eventually lead to a civil war in the tribal areas.

In March this year, a powerful anti-Taliban militia in Peshawar threatened to stop cooperating with state authorities after a deadly suicide bombing on a funeral killed 37 people.

Dilawar Khan, head of a lashkhar in Matani area of Peshawar, has long demanded more money and weapons from the government. He says the government encouraged them to rise up against the militants, but did not give them the support they needed. “We are still relying on our own old-fashioned guns against the sophisticated weapons of Taliban and Al Qaeda,” said Khan.

“Tribal lashkars are typically under-resourced, ill-trained and vulnerable to suicide attacks and targeted killings. They cannot fight with the trained, well-organised and better-armed militant groups with global links and agendas,” said Idrees Kamal, a leader of Aman Tehrik, a provincial civil society alliance. He said the locals were fighting the Taliban without support, salaries of benefits. The government, he said, should pay the lashkars the same compensation as police or paramilitary forces.

“We have been witnessing a horrible backlash from the Taliban”, Kamal said. “They are bombing our lashkars, but our weddings, funerals, and jirgas, and beheading our families.”

Political analyst fear anti-Taliban lashkars would increase violence and sow the seeds of unending tribal feuds which could in turn spiral out of control. “Organising private militias may have serious consequences for the state,” said Muhammad Qasim, a Peshawar-based journalist. “Too much power and weapons in civilian hands has risks,” he said. It can lead to warlordism, creating a new set of problems to replace those posed by the Taliban.”

The writer is a journalist and a researcher who works on militancy and human rights. He can be contacted at [email protected]

Over 50 killed, 100 hurt in suicide attack in Orakzai

October 10, 2008

KOHAT A suicide bomber detonated an explosive-laden vehicle at a tribal jirga in the upper Orakzai tribal region, killing more than 50 tribesmen and injuring over 100 others on Friday, the injured brought to Kohat and hospital sources said.

Eye-witnesses and officials present at the scene, however, gave conflicting figures about the death toll and the injured. They feared that the death toll would rise as more injured were brought to the hospitals in Kohat. They said that scores of injured still lying at the blast site were yet to be shifted to hospitals.

`The jirga was in progress when a pick-up truck ripped through it. The explosion was so severe that the vehicle was buried in the ground`, said an elder at the hospital.

They said that the elders of Alizai tribe had gathered in Ghiljo bazaar to take a decision about the Taliban headquarters in Khadezai when a car bomber struck the jirga, wreaking havoc at the place.

The government declared emergency in all hospitals in Hangu and Kohat districts soon after the incident, where the injured were brought.

A doctor at Ghiljo hospital told Dawn on phone that five bodies were still lying at the hospital, while 15 wounded with minor injuries were being treated there. He said that the critically wounded people had been referred to hospitals in Kohat and Hangu.

`Over 2000 armed tribesmen had gathered at an open place to chalk out a line of action against militants. The jirga was continuing when a mini-truck approached it and exploded`, he said.

Sources feared that many injured people had died on their way from the scene of the blast because they could not make it to the hospital as the nearest hospital was at a distance of one and half hours journey. The seriously injured were brought to the Kohat divisional headquarters hospital after five hours.

Sources said that 25 injured had been brought to the Kohat hospital, where two of them expired. They said that the injured people, one of them a child, were in very critical condition.

Political Agent Orakzai Agency Kamran Zeb confirmed the suicide attack at the jirga. He said that all the 18 tribes of the Orakzai Agency had unanimously decided that they would not allow Taliban to use their land for terrorism last month.

The Alizai tribe which was targeted on Friday had burnt the house of Maulvi Ghulam Nabi and one Kamran who were found involved in anti state activities few days back, which had angered the Taliban.

There were more than 5000 Taliban were taking shelter in Orakzai Agency therefore the tribes formed a lashkar of 60,000 armed tribesmen to deal with them, sources said.

Soon after signing an agreement with the government, the elders of lower Orakzai destroyed several houses, arrested more than 13 Taliban and recovered drums full with explosives and suicide vests in the Chappar area.

Earlier, the government had sent gunship helicopters for the support of the elders who had taken action against Taliban in Ferozekhel area. These Taliban had come from Darra Adamkhel, where military operation was still continuing.

`There is complete understanding between the government and the tribal elders of all the 18 tribes that the Taliban are the enemies of state and a threat to the norms and traditions of the tribal areas. The action against Taliban became necessary when foreigners and Taliban fleeing Bajaur Agency, Momand Agency, Darra Adamkhel, Hangu and Waziristan Agency took shelter here following permission from the tribes.`

On May 3, a suicide bomber had ripped through a tribal jirga in Darra Adamkhel, Frontier Region of Kohat, in which 42 tribesmen had been killed.

http://archives.dawn.com/archives/124141

Pakistan’s Challenges in Orakzai Agency
Jul 03, 2010
Tayyab Ali Shah
in pakistan’s federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), Orakzai Agency has become the scene of violent clashes between security forces and Pakistani Taliban militants. In the past few years, militants have fled to Orakzai to establish safe havens in the wake of Pakistani military operations in other parts of the tribal belt. As a result, on March 23, 2010, Pakistan launched a military offensive in Orakzai and declared victory on June 1. Pakistan claims that it has killed more than 1,500 militants in the agency during the last three months.[1] Nevertheless, despite the official end of its offensive, Pakistan’s security patrols continue to be ambushed in Orakzai, and the government has responded by dispatching helicopter gunships and fighter jets to assault various areas of the territory. Military operations are ongoing today.

In light of the continued fighting, this article provides an overview of the strategic importance of the agency, the history of its Talibanization, the different Taliban groups operating there and the current state of Pakistan Army operations in Orakzai.

The Strategic Importance of Orakzai Agency

Orakzai Agency, which has an estimated population of 250,000 people, is strategically important to both Pakistan’s military and Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP).[2] Orakzai is considered the TTP’s “second home,” as its current leader Hakimullah Mehsud rose to power in the agency. Additionally, after Pakistan’s military offensive in South Waziristan Agency in late 2009, many TTP militants relocated to Orakzai. The TTP is not the only militant group operating in Orakzai. Lashkar-i-Jhangvi and Jaysh-i-Muhammad, for example, have bases and training camps in the agency, and they reportedly launched suicide bombers from Orakzai to attack targets in Punjab Province in late 2009 and early 2010.[3] Some analysts believe that Maulana Fazlullah, the former chief of the Swat Taliban, could also be hiding in Orakzai.[4] Finally, the Ghazi Force, believed to be behind most of the deadly attacks in Islamabad during the last three years—including an attack on the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the Marriott Hotel, the World Food Program and the recent June 9 attack near Islamabad that destroyed multiple NATO supply trucks—is also based in the agency.[5]

Geographically, Orakzai is in a strategic position as it borders the Tirah Valley of Khyber Agency, Kohat and Hangu districts of the North-West Frontier Province, and Kurram Agency. Orakzai’s total area is 1,538 square kilometers (594 square miles).[6] The main access to Kurram, the only tribal agency with a Shi`a majority, is through Orakzai; by blocking this road, Taliban fighters have often put the Kurram Shi`a under siege.[7] Also, compared to other Taliban strongholds such as North and South Waziristan, Orakzai is closer to Peshawar, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, making it an ideal launching point for fighters attacking Pakistan’s more populated and strategically significant cities. The topography of Orakzai also plays a factor, as the mountainous region between Stori Khel and Dara Adam Khel provide a natural fortress and plenty of cover for militants.[8] Orakzai, however, is the only tribal agency that does not share a border with Afghanistan.

The Talibanization of Orakzai

The Talibanization of Orakzai Agency can be traced to 1999, when a 30-year-old native of the agency, Aslam Farooqi, raised a Taliban lashkar (militia). Farooqi belonged to the Mamuzai tribe and was affiliated with the anti-Shi`a group Sipah-i-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP). In the wake of the U.S.-led attack on Afghanistan in 2001, Farooqi reportedly offered the Afghan Taliban 12,000 men with arms and ammunition to fight against the U.S.-led coalition.[9] Farooqi’s men remained active in Afghanistan until the end of 2001, when they melted away as the Afghan Taliban resistance crumbled before the U.S.-led offensive.[10]

Orakzai was relatively calm until 2004-2006, when Pakistan Army operations in South Waziristan forced many Pakistanis, as well as foreign militants, to seek refuge in the agency. Orakzai acted as a safe haven for these fighters since Pakistan’s military was not present in the area. After the formation of the TTP in 2007, a Taliban force was organized in Orakzai.[11] Hakimullah Mehsud, the current head of the TTP, moved to Orakzai and was appointed by the TTP’s leader at the time, Baitullah Mehsud, as the chief commander for the group in Orakzai, Khyber and Kurram agencies.[12]

There have been attempts to counter Talibanization in the agency. Law and order is the responsibility of Khasadars[13] in Orakzai, due to the absence of the Frontier Corps in the agency. Khasadars, basically local security forces, are not trained or equipped to combat well-trained militants. As a result, the tribes were forced to fight against Taliban fighters on their own. When the Taliban asked the biggest tribe in Orakzai, the Ali Khel, to expel 100 Shi`a families from the area, the Ali Khel convened a tribal jirga to establish an anti-Taliban lashkar in October 2008.[14] The jirga, however, was attacked by a suicide bomber, who killed more than 82 tribal elders.[15] This one attack decimated the tribal leadership of Orakzai and paved the way for the Taliban to take control of the entire agency.[16]

After consolidating its hold on the agency, Taliban militias announced the enforcement of Shari`a, and they established Islamic courts and complaint centers. Through mosque loudspeakers, they urged people to contact the Islamic courts to settle disputes in accordance with Islamic law. The Taliban established a parallel political administration and levied jizya (protection tax) on members of the local Sikh and Hindu communities.[17] In June 2008, six men were publicly executed after a Taliban-established court found them guilty of kidnapping.[18] In January 2010, the Taliban punished tribesmen who refused to remain in their village to support the Taliban in the fight against security forces by setting 63 houses on fire in Tori Mela.[19] Continuing with their atrocities, the Taliban chopped off the hands of three men on theft allegations in the Ghaljo area of the agency in the first week of May 2010.[20]

Today, the most active Taliban groups operating in Orakzai are the Commander Tariq Group, the Abdullah Azzam Brigades, Lashkar-i-Jhangvi, and the Ghazi Force. The Commander Tariq Group is headed by Tariq Afridi, who is based in Dara Adam Khel, and is considered the most powerful militant group in Orakzai. The Abdullah Azzam Brigade was reportedly involved in the attack on the Pearl Continental Hotel in Peshawar and the killing of anti-Taliban religious scholar Sarfraz Naeemi in June 2009.[21] Lashkar-i-Jhangvi is a violent, sectarian group and an offshoot of the SSP.[22] The Ghazi Force is named after Abdul Rashid Ghazi, the former cleric of Lal Masjid (Red Mosque) who was killed when Pakistani security forces stormed the facility in 2007. The Ghazi Force is currently led by Niaz Raheem, a former student of Lal Masjid, and is suspected of being behind many of the recent violent attacks in Islamabad and other populated areas in Pakistan.[23]

The Commander Tariq Group is part of the TTP, while Lashkar-i-Jhangvi, the Ghazi Force and the Abdullah Azzam Brigade are closely affiliated with the TTP.[24]

Pakistan’s Offensive in Orakzai

On March 23, 2010, Pakistan’s military launched a major anti-Taliban operation in Orakzai called Khwakh Ba dee Sham.[25] As part of the offensive, the army blocked most of the entry and exit routes to and from Orakzai. Both sides reportedly suffered casualties, and the military claims that the dead included foreign fighters, such as Arabs, Chechens and Uzbeks.[26]

On June 1, the Pakistan Army declared that the military operation in Orakzai was finished and the objectives achieved. This announcement, however, appears more a public relations move than a military reality. Air strikes in the agency have continued through July, providing ample proof that military operations are far from over.[27] Moreover, according to residents in the area, Mamozai, Ghaljo and Shahoo are still under Taliban control. Some government officials also admitted in early June that terrorists were putting up “stiff resistance” in upper Orakzai.[28] These results are not surprising considering that Pakistan’s military deployed just 5,000 troops for only three months (March 23-June 1) to clear Taliban militants from the territory. By comparison, operations in South Waziristan and Swat were supported by more than 25,000 and 15,000 troops, respectively.[29] Nevertheless, it appears that Pakistan’s military has cleared some areas in southern Orakzai to act as a base camp from where it can continue its anti-Taliban operations.

Conclusion

Despite its recent offensive, Pakistan’s government has yet to bring Orakzai under control. The security services need to approach the Orakzai campaign in a more “intelligence informed manner,” concentrating on breaking the Taliban from within. There are chances for success in this approach, as during the past two years there have been a number of occurrences where Taliban factions have fought each other over disputes in Orakzai.

In August 2009, for example, 21 militants were killed when two Taliban groups clashed for control of the Akakhel area of upper Orakzai.[30] In April 2010, more clashes were reported, when six Taliban, including a local commander, were killed in Orakzai during infighting between two rival Taliban factions led by Mullah Toofan and Mullah Rafiq.[31] There were also reports of a Taliban commander who defected to his Ali Khel tribe over the Taliban’s poor treatment of Shi`a in Orakzai.[32] Although the senior Taliban leadership was able to prevent these infighting incidents from spreading, it does show that there are possible rifts that can be exploited with a more nuanced understanding of the Taliban factions operating in Orakzai.

Tayyab Ali Shah is a freelance political and security analyst specializing in the Taliban and other Islamic extremists. He is a Pakistani Pashtun and has a post-graduate education in Political Science, Business Administration and Public Policy. He has extensive experience in community development, policy advocacy and political education with both Pakistani and Afghan Pashtuns. He moderates the Pakhtunkhwa Peace Forum and has written for The Jamestown Foundation, Pakistan’s Frontier Post and the Daily Times.

[1] “At Least 25 Militants Killed in Orakzai Clash,” Dawn, July 21, 2010.

[2] For details, see the FATA Secretariat website at http://www.fata.gov.pk.

[3] Michael Hughes, “Pakistan Turns Up Heat on Tehrik-i-Taliban in Orakzai and North Waziristan,” Afghanistan Headlines Examiner, May 25, 2010.

[4] Rahimullah Yusufzai, “The Taliban Strike Back,” Newsline, May 20, 2010.

[5] Kathy Gannon, “The Ghazi Force: Vengeful New Militant Group Emerges in Pakistan,” Associated Press, July 1, 2010.

[6] For details, see the FATA Secretariat website at http://www.fata.gov.pk.

[7] Tayyab Ali Shah, “Taliban Exploit Shi’a-Sunni Divide in Pakistan’s Kurram Tribal Agency,” Terrorism Monitor 8:15 (2010); Mariam Abou Zahab, “Sectarianism in Pakistan’s Kurram Tribal Agency,” Terrorism Monitor 7:6 (2009).

[8] Hughes.

[9] “Orakzai Taliban Chief Extends Full Help,” Dawn, November 6, 2001.

[10] Personal interview, Brigadier (retired) Asad Munir, former Inter-Services Intelligence official, July 2010.

[11] Asad Munir, “Taliban & Orakzai,” The News International, June 13, 2009.

[12] Amir Mir, “A Young Turk Takes Over TTP, Ringing Alarm Bells,” The News International, August 28, 2009.

[13] The Khasadar are a poorly trained and organized force that is recruited and managed by the FATA Political Agent, the head of a tribal agency.

[14] Syed Hasan Mahmood and Mushtaq Yusufzai, “Orakzai Blast Toll Rises to 82,” The News International, October 12, 2008; Farhat Taj, “Life in Orakzai,” The News International, February 11, 2009.

[15] Mahmood and Yusufzai.

[16] Mukhtar A. Khan, “The Role of Tribal Lashkars in Winning Pakistan’s War on Terror,” Terrorism Focus 5:40 (2008).

[17] The Sikhs of Orakzai have lived in the agency for centuries. When the Taliban took control of Orakzai, they discriminated against the Sikhs. In April 2009, 11 houses in the Sikh community were razed for not being able to pay the Rs. 150 million ($1.9 million) jizya to the Taliban, and the Sikh community—comprising 30-35 families—had to shift from the Feroze Khel area to the nearby Merozai area in lower Orakzai. For details, see “Taliban Seize Houses, Shops of Sikhs in Orakzai,” Daily Times, April 30, 2009; “Taliban Raze Houses of Sikhs in Orakzai,” Dawn, April 30, 2009. There are also approximately 18 Hindu families in Orakzai. For details, see Munir and Mir.

[18] Bill Roggio, “Pakistan Signs Peace Accord in Orakzai Tribal Agency,” The Long War Journal, July 19, 2008.

[19] “Militants Burn Village in Lower Orakzai,” Dawn, January 5, 2010.

[20] “Taliban Cut Off Hands of Three Tribesmen,” Dawn, May 6, 2010.

[21] Bill Roggio, “Arakzai Taliban Take Credit for Mosque Suicide Attacks,” The Long War Journal, June 12, 2009.

[22] Bill Roggio, “Taliban Torch Village in Arakzai,” The Long War Journal, January 5, 2010.

[23] Gannon.

[24] Ibid.; Syed Yasir Shah, “Unknown Group Claims Peshawar Hotel Bombing,” The News International, June 11, 2009.

[25] This is a Pashtu expression meaning, “I will teach you a lesson.”

[26] Ikram Sehgal, “Counterinsurgency Operations,” The News International, April 29, 2010.

[27] “At Least 38 Taliban Insurgents and Four Security Personnel Were Killed,” Express Tribune, June 23, 2010; Manzoor Ali, “22 Suspected Militants Killed in Orakzai,” Express Tribune, July 12, 2010.

[28] Iqbal Khattak, “Taliban Still Rule Half of Orakzai,” Daily Times, June 3, 2010.

[29] Although Orakzai differs in size from South Waziristan and Swat, there are likely more militants in the agency and they appear to be in hardened positions. Therefore, it seems that the number of troops deployed in the Orakzai offensive was inadequate. For details, see “Brief: Military Operations In Orakzai Over?” Stratfor Global Intelligence, June 2, 2010.

[30] “Hakeemullah’s Followers in Orakzai Clash; 21 Killed,” Dawn, August 12, 2009.

[31] “Taliban Infighting Claims Six Lives in Orakzai,” Daily Times, April 2, 2010.

[32] Taj.

http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/pakistan%E2%80%99s-challenges-in-orakzai-agency